2020

Justice for Zeph: On Juvenile Recidivism and Bringing Zeph Home by richard ross

In a perfectly tragic series of events, Zeph’s story lines up with systematic ways the United State’s criminal justice system rolled out policies and initiatives cracking down on crime, and changing his life forever. While he was quick to be labeled as one of the worst, a simple read of his words, story, and compassionate demeanor, each show that that is not the case.


We have to stop incarcerating the youth. This criminal system who incarcerated me at 14 for Joy Riding, which had just become Grand Theft Auto, a much greater charge - when xxxx Juvenile detention center had just been built. Just as a $35 million dollar facility in the region with 600 beds to fill was built; [his] youthful decision filled a bed. Juvenile incarceration has to be stopped; it interrupts education, removes hope, and alters behavior in a negative way.”

You can be a formerly convicted and incarcerated individual, but the way our world works, we make it impossible for anyone to be a former felon. Similarly, the juvenile justice system doesn’t stop impacting the lives of juveniles once they walk out of the detention center doors. Years later, Zeph’s youthful act followed him well into adulthood. While not directly leading to his adult charges, recidivism rates for juvenile offenders are chilling. Approximately 76% of individuals with juvenile convictions reoffend within three years, and 84% within five years. When these juvenile offenders reach adulthood, the numbers are equally high. Moreover, by the time they turned 25, 40% of juvenile offenders were incarcerated in an adult prison for reoffending.


These are Zeph’s words now.

“Two and a half years of waiting to go to trial. Waiting for motions to be heard that were never filed. Coerced to sign plea, that contract was breached by the prosecutors. It has led to three more years of simply just waiting. Waiting for the appeal to be filed, to be rebutted, to reply to the rebuttal, to have oral arguments ( which were heard one year ago), and now we wait more.

On January 27th 2015, the day my Father passed away I became a felon in possession of his firearms. The Federal Law, even though it is written clearly, seems to be incomprehensible after one reads it:  If one exhibits control, has access, or dominion of an area where a gun is, that is possession. I made my poor wife do all the driving home to Massachusetts from Florida, pulling a trailer with my Dad’s belongings, trying not to be in charge. Once in MA, the rifles Dad and I had hunted with in my childhood, and two pistols, were moved into a friend’s basement, where according to Massachusetts General Law, I would not be in possession.

Sadly, a “friend” helping us unload the trailer, broke into the locked gun box, stole the two pistols, and ran off. My wife called the police; the thief was arrested and admitted to stealing from me. He was interviewed by the same state detective who must have remembered my name and the unrighteous behavior of my youth.  The state police came and searched our home, to no avail. Three months later at 8am on April 29th 2015, a few days after my 40th birthday, eight ATF officers put me on the kitchen floor, rifles to my head in front of my children.

“Three months later at 8am on April 29th 2015, a few days after my 40th birthday, eight ATF officers put me on the kitchen floor, rifles to my head in front of my children.”

At the time of my arrest, my wife had a good job with benefits, and since we had a 5 year old daughter and eighteen month old twin boys. I was a happy Mr. Mom, I needed to get out on bond while awaiting trial so she could get back to work.  On the other side of the bench, the judge who sat at the bond hearing has financial interest in the detention facility where I was housed; bond denied. This threw my family into a downward spiral, a period of homelessness, and trauma, that took nearly four years to recover from.


Trials, in theory, are supposed to happen in 72 days. My first pro bono attorney who said motions were denied had actually never filed them. Contracts were negotiated and then breached. 72 days turned into more than two and a half years. Then to have Armed Career Criminal Act sentencing enhancements piled on and to be treated like the “worst of the worst,” as I hear those on the other side of the fence call maximum security Federal inmates. And yes, I think what bothers me most is that the “justice” system has completely abandoned Mercy. That my country thinks I am a traitor, I violated a Federal rule of law, which is treason or that’s what the guards have been taught; that and intensive combat training!   Does society really think I needed to be caged in an 8x10 bathroom, with some other sucker who made a dumb decision as a teen? Is fifteen years a fair and just sentence for inheriting my Dad’s firearms? In-voluntary, no victim except my kids, and wife and step daughters and my poor Mom.  I am convicted as  a ‘violent’ offender  sentenced to the darkest part of hell; a Federal Max Penitentiary, where everyday is like walking on a tightrope over a sea of bloody alligators.   

I am convicted as  a ‘violent’ offender  sentenced to the darkest part of hell; a Federal Max Penitentiary, where everyday is like walking on a tightrope over a sea of bloody alligators.

The statistics of boys growing up with Dad’s in prison and ending up there too are not good. The same scary stats with unwed teenage pregnancy.  My heart is crushed that I have abandoned my children.  The arrest came three weeks before my older daughter’s graduation from high school, and now I have also missed her graduation with honors from University; and my older son’s high school graduation.  I have missed the first day of school for all three of my younger children, and if the 1st Circuit doesn’t grant my appeal, their graduations will too, have an empty seat. 

SUFFOCATING
How do you breath when the hatred and violence is so heavy it crushes ones chest?
Locked in a prison, confined to a cell; destined to dwell in this section of hell.
Any illusions of humanity lost at the door; come in a man become an animal.
For here, where violence breeds violence, the beast reigns supreme.
‘Only the Strong Survive’ ‘It’s a Dog eat Dog world’ and ‘Eat or be Eaten’, are they the sayings of Soldiers deployed overseas, or of the Prisoners confined in your town?
I assure you they are both fighting a war.
I wish my fear in crowds, my night terrors, my tight chest and shortened breath;
Oh God I wish I could say they came from a worthy cause.
A cause with a respected acronym and a cool name: U.S.M.C. Desert Storm
But I can’t. Instead I bear an acronym of shame and no name;
Just a number B.O.P. XXXXX-XX8
And Living with that I SUFFOCATE

A notice of Appeal was filed in October 2017. My sentencing transcript was sealed after sentencing. It took the sentencing judge 13 months to sign the motion to unseal it, and an additional 4 months to get a copy to my attorney, who filed an appeals brief in April of 2019, oral arguments were heard on Dec. 4th 2019. more than a year ago. A total of three years now waiting for my appeal; All because my father died. I know I made some bad decisions as a young man. Decisions for which I served mandatory minimum sentences in a ‘truth in sentencing’ climate. Decisions I have made amends for. 

There is no rehabilitation happening at the Maximum security level. [I have come to find] that inmates fight two wars. One with the guards, and one with each other. Moreover, racism is not just expected, it is demanded. We are both the Christians and the Lions, and the Romans who guard us wager on the outcomes.

Help Zeph. Sign the Petition here.


Election Day: Nov. 3rd, 2020 by richard ross

 

Election Day- we have to push for having our voices heard, now more than ever. Electoral politics hold a firm grip over the lives of American youth—particularly youth who are BIPOC. Beginning in preschool, students of color are disproportionately disciplined in comparison to their white classmates. Black students are disciplined three times more and Native American students are disciplined up to three times more, despite both identities making up significantly less of the school population (U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights, 2014). Increased disciplinary action has been correlated with higher interaction with the criminal justice system, as some actions taken by teachers and administrators directly puts students into contact with police officers and other agents of the justice system (U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights, 2014). 

Disciplinary action that removes children from their school environment, such as those taken through law enforcement, juvenile courts, and out of school suspension, has also been correlated with higher dropout rates (Balfanz, 2003). In recent years, data collection has been extremely integral in understanding how students of color are disproportionately affected and fed into the criminal justice system. In 2009, the Department of Education began to have its Civil Rights Office start to collect data on school discipline and arrests. In the past four years, Secretary of Education Betsey DeVos has discouraged this research from continuing and halted recommendations from being implemented, which many fear will result in the furthering of disproportionate and discriminatory disciplinary actions and justice-related repercussions (Vox, 2020). 

 
 
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Attorney generals also have an impact on the outcome of juveniles who enter the justice system at a state-wide level. As the top legal agent in the state, the attorney general is in charge of providing legal opinions when needed, advising judges and lawmakers, handling criminal appeals, and can intervene in proceedings (USAGov). Attorney generals can make influencing laws relating to truancy, juvenile offenses, sentencing for juvenile offenders, and conditions under which juvenile offenders serve their sentences. They play a key role in how juveniles can enter the system and what happens to them once they have entered the system—which has a lifelong impact on our youth.   

 
 
 
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In the last 15 years alone, significant legal action in the field of juvenile justice includes prominent Supreme Court cases including Roper v. SimmonsGraham v. FloridaMiller v. Alabama, and Montgomery v. Louisiana. These cases discuss and set precedent on severity of punishment for youth: 

·      Roper (2005) established that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment on individuals who committed a crime when they were under 18 

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Graham

v.Florida

Read more about the Supreme Court Ruling here

·      Graham (2010) established that juveniles could not receive life without parole for non-homicidal crimes they committed 

·      Miller (2012) held that juveniles cannot receive mandatory sentences of life without parole 

·      Montgomery (2016) held that juveniles cannot receive a mandatory sentence of life without parole (established in Miller), and that this ruling should be applied retroactively 

These Supreme Court cases, although very recent, have made huge strides for the juvenile justice reform movement. 

For the 2020-20201 Supreme Court term, one case regarding juvenile justice will be argued. Jones v. Mississippi will explore if the Eighth Amendment requires a sentencing authority to find that a juvenile is irreformable before they can decree a life sentence without the possibility of parole. This case will rely on the interpretation of the Eighth Amendment and whether or not Jones violates the standard set in the Constitution for cruel and unusual punishment. The Supreme Court justices’ discipline contributes to how they will view a case after oral arguments and vote on the ruling, setting precedent for future cases. The two broad theories justices adopt are originalist and non-originalist—originalists interpret documents and sources based on the time they were adopted, whereas non-originalists take consequences, precedent, and natural law into consideration (University of Missouri: Kansas). 

 
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Juvenile justice at all levels—local, state-wide, and national—are impacted by elected individuals. The president has the power to appoint the secretary for the Department of Education, Supreme Court justices, and influence policy in the Department of Justice. Local elections can determine the state attorney general (they are either elected or appointed by the elected governor), and local judges can be elected or appointed by elected officials. Juvenile-In-Justice shares the stories of youth who have entered the justice system through the school-to-prison pipeline, who have been wrongfully kept in the system, who need resources and never received them, and who have not been advocated for by those in our government. In order to make change for our youth, the greatest power we have is through our vote. 

This election has a great deal at stake for our youth, incarcerated or not, and we have the power to use our vote to speak up for those who aren’t able to speak for themselves. We must choose kindness, empathy, and justice for our youth. It is critical in a last push to come together as parents, law-makers, siblings, community members, and activists to be active through our election. Make sure you make your voice heard—make their voices heard—and vote. If you have voted or cannot vote, urge your friends, family, collogues, and peers to vote. Together, our voices can and will make a change and bring justice to our youth. Will you join us?  

 
 

"We feel trapped by the system." by richard ross

Due to a series of charges before his 16th birthday in February, 2019, Z.C. was placed in detention. 

Photograph provided.

Photograph provided.


A few months later, he was assigned a probation officer, and directed to enroll in a class.  Shortly after that, while in custody, he was placed in a first group home where the conditions were deplorable: filthy showers and bathrooms, youth able to leave and come back at night without being noticed, bullying among the youth, bad diet/food.   In November, Z.C. escaped the toxic environment of that group home, attempted suicide, and was placed in a behavioral hospital.  By the end of 2019, Z.C. was placed in a second group home where the conditions and treatment seemed promising.  Family therapy was required, but over time, the therapist grew to be disdainful of both of Z.C.’s parents.  A different therapist was requested, but it was said that there was no other therapist.  While in this home, Z.C. previously prescribed medications were removed, and once COVID-19 declared itself, no attempt was made to ensure that Z.C. furthered his education. During Z.C.’s time in the [xxxx] group home, he made progress but never made it to the top “graduation” level.  It seemed that he would be purposely caught in a minor infraction that would drop him back to the bottom of the ranking. 


Punishment, rather than therapy and encouragement, became the norm. 


When the environment between personnel at the home and Z.C. turned negative, he was told that he would be transferred to a third home, hours away from his actual residence.  Home visits would become virtually impossible, especially with the COVID-19 pandemic circumstances.   Given those issues and feeling hopeless, Z.C. went AWOL.

Photograph provided.

Photograph provided.

Due to the fact that I, his mom, have MS, and would like to avoid his exposure and mine to any virus, I have requested the possibility to create a home plan with outpatient treatment.  However, the outpatient centers that accept Medicaid refuse to accept Z.C., until he is released by the xxxx program, and that program refuses to release him while he is AWOL and has a subsequent warrant out for his arrest.  It seems to me that the xxxx group homes thrive on Medicaid funds, and have no real motivation to release Z.C. It also seems that there is no effective oversight in the living and treatment conditions in the homes he has experienced. 

We feel trapped by the system.

"I grew up in the native ways, going to sundances, sweats, powwows. Then out of nowhere..." by richard ross

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"My dad is xxxx. Mom lives in Oregon. My sister and mom and dad live together. Mom stays at home. Dad is a drug and alcohol counselor with Native Americans in xxxx, with the xxx tribe. I’m here 10 years. I’m a measure 11 kid. Measure 11, that’s mandatory 60 months. I got into a fight while under the influence of drugs and alcohol. I was on probation. I saw a person from a different gang. I just attacked her. I was still drinking. I broke her arm, wrist, eye bones. She pressed charges. I was told to plead guilty rather than face charges of assault with a gang enhancement. I’ve been in here since I was 15. I grew up in the native ways, going to sundances, sweats, powwows. Then out of nowhere, I was hanging out with the wrong crowd, the wrong people. I was on probation from a MIP, then I was drinking, smoking weed, and I picked up the assault. I was 14 when it started. I was straight A’s in school, but I was pretty bored. So I started drinking and partying. My mom and my grandma both have diabetes. My mom was a user and both of them were alcoholics. My aunt uses and drinks all the time. From the start I knew I could have done better. When I was using or drinking, I wouldn’t care about the sacred ceremonies. They have sweats here once a week, in the yard. They have powwow too. Now I am back to my culture." -D.O., age 16

"I’m not destined for institutional life." by richard ross

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I’ve been here four months. I’ve been in seven times. First charge was aiding and abetting when I was 12 years old.

My mom came to see me. She comes every weekend. It’s about a 30 to 45 minute drive. She’s unemployed. Dad works and visits every weekend. He works at a warehouse. I have two brothers. One is 15—in jail for battery and grand theft auto. The 13-year-old is on ISP. I have a 19-year-old sister who is finished with her term for shoplifting…and a 10-year-old sister. No trouble. My whole family is drug abusers and criminals. My mom is four years recovered—clean from crack and alcohol. My aunt did a year in federal in Texas…for driving with a child in a car while intoxicated.

This is my first long stay. I was in outpatient rehab when I was 13. I was on probation for battery. I was in junior high and living with my dad because my mom was in rehab. Then I moved in with my mom. I went to another middle school, but got kicked out for possession of narcotics with intent to distribute…I was 14.

I caught a new charge of aggravated robbery. I harmed them while doing a crime. Me and my friend decided to rob this kid of some headphones. We robbed him with a gun. How did I get a gun? You can get a gun, a .22, for $50 with a clip. I got it from a friend.  It’s a criminal world and I am a danger to society. They expect me to change over night but they don’t realize progress takes time. I’ve changed in the last four months here by trying to control my anger, my mouth, my disrespect…They say I have grown a bit. My plea is two years.

Society says I am a level one class offender—the most dangerous people walking around. That’s my brother (points across room). Me and him strike fear in the hearts of the boys in black. We have been locked up so many times together. I am sort of a senior in high school and will get my diploma by the end of the year. I want to take some college classes and maybe get a trade…Maybe work and get some money so I have some cash to spend when I get out. 

-D.F., age 17


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Yea, D.F. right there’s my brother. No, not from the same parents.

We both been here for a while. We are probably going to the same place. We both going to xxxx for a couple of years. This is the 10th time I’m here. I started coming in when I was 11. First time? I don’t really remember…I think it was a fight at school. A couple of times for fighting—aggression stuff.

I have been in some foster homes. Had trouble at school. One time at school I almost fought a security guard. The state took me away from my mom when I was ten. She was smoking heavily. I was smoking with my mom when I was five. It was the first time she let me hit it. She was into a lot of stuff. She has done PCP and heroin. When she had me she was 15—my age probably. She was 14 when she got pregnant with me. They put me in a foster home with my two sisters. Then they put me in an adoptive home.

They were a good family but I probably messed that up.

My mom probably knew I was doing stuff. I took a switchblade to middle school to protect myself from other kids. I’ve been to xxxx, xxxx, then xxxx long term for four months. It was a residential care facility for behavior stuff. I caught a felony on a JCO Christmas 2012. I said I was going to fight some kid. Said I was going to kill myself. A JCO opened the door and tried to restrain me. I kicked him in the chest…intentionally. He tried to say that I broke some chick’s wrist…a CO…but I didn’t.

I’m a sophomore. I like school. I get good grades when I’m paying attention. I didn’t pay attention ‘cause it’s kind of boring. Police would describe me as “gang member.” I’m back in foster care now. I’ve been in placement all around. I’ll probably be at a foster home ‘cause I got no place to go. My adopted mom and dad moved to Virginia. My adopted aunts and uncles and grandparents visit me. I got a visit today from my aunt and grandpa.

I’m not destined for institutional life. If I was to get out of here, I have to think about what I think is right and what they think is right…If I am going to react to what I think is right I would probably be right back in here. Like if I’m on the outs and someone is talking trash or shit to me, I’ll fight them. I don’t think being in here is that bad...It’s sort of like daycare. I don’t have anywhere to go to call home…so no big deal.”

-N.C., age 15

 

The Day a Part of Me Left Forever by richard ross

The Day a Part of Me Left Forever

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 I woke up and looked out the window; it was still dark outside.  My stomach growled so I went downstairs. My mom was on the couch. She said “Go back upstairs. Now!” I asked no questions just went straight to the kitchen to grab a twinkie and a HoHo. Then I went back upstairs to eat my snacks and watch Losing Isaiah until I dozed off. 

I felt someone shaking me so I woke up to my mom sitting on my bed with a glass of water. She said “Honey, wake up I have something to tell you.” I stood up quickly. My mom said “You might want to sit down.” I did, slowly and concerned.

Then I really woke and said to myself that it was only a dream. Then I had a flashback to what had happened that night…

I walked in the house speechless with blood all over me. I immediately ran straight to the bathroom and start screaming, “NOT RIGHT NOW! NOO GOD NOOO! IM DOING SO GOOD! WHYYY GOD!” Then I splashed my face with water and went to the kitchen to pour me a glass of water. I sat on the couch and cried silently to myself. My head felt like it was on fire and I felt like stamping out for good. My mom came in the living room and held me tightly in her arms. I felt warm and relaxed. I just felt like falling asleep in her arms forever.

 A week later, I am dressed up in black from head to toe and walking in the church looking at all the family and homies crying and screaming loudly. I stood in line and made it halfway up to the casket and I got a tingling feeling in my stomach. I turned around and walked outside for fresh air. I sat on the ground next to my homie and took a few hits off his square. Then he asked, “Do you know who noodled him?” I said, “Don’t you think if I knew who noodled him, I would have noodled them?!”

My lil broskee came outside and told me its time for me to sing.  I went back inside and walked past the casket without looking at O. I grabbed the mic and started to sing “I Miss My Homies” by Master P. At the end of the song, me and D. took our black veils out our pockets and laid them on O. Then we sat down to listen to the preacher.

 The preacher asked if anyone had something to say about O. I walked up to the mic and grabbed it and took it over to his casket. As I stared at his soulless body tears started to roll down my face. I said, “O. was a fighter and he died a fighter. Why? Because some yonie wanted his shine and someone in this damn church knows who that yonie is!” Then this dude in weird clothing stood up and said, “Fuck y’all.” Then I took off out the church after him. I ran out the church and grabbed my .40 out my pants, aimed it, then…

-J.C

"I was the valedictorian of my class. I graduated from school in Louisiana. Then my mom and I were in a shelter, so I ran away." by richard ross

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I was the valedictorian of my class. Then my mom and I were in a shelter, so I ran away. That was nine months ago. My mom was on drugs and drinking heavily. I was hospitalized with a concussion, and got charged with assault on a family member. My mom has visited me three times, but I haven’t seen my dad since I was six. There was a lot of physical and mental abuse. My brother goes to school and works two jobs. My mother lives with him now. I also have a 13-year-old sister who is living with a family friend. I stopped going to school for a while because I felt beneath everybody because I lived in a shelter, but then the lady at the YMCA helped me. Now I’m taking my SATs next month.

-K.O., age 17

"I was charged as an adult although I was 16." by richard ross

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“I was born in Samoa. We pronounce it “shamore.” I’m 100% Pacific Islander. My family moved to Long Beach, then Washington. My dad was transferred to Fort Lewis. He was deployed to Iraq three times. Then he came home and spent a tour at Fort Drum in New Jersey. My mom is a stay at home mom. She takes care of my four brothers and four sisters. My oldest brother went to the penitentiary but he’s out now. A bunch of people visit me: my mom, my dad, brothers and sisters. I caught a 10 year sentence for robbery. I been here three years. I hope I get out in 2016—that will be six years. That’s the minimum sentence. The maximum is ten and then there’s a medium. If I get released after six, I still would have to do one year where I can’t stay here, ‘cause I age out. So I hope I get work release from 21 to 22. I came in when I was 16. I had another offense when I was 14 and 15. Assault and robbery. It’s all physical stuff. That was my second offense. So they have a point system, where class B felonies all add up a half point and I added up to 8 points. So I got ten years. Sometimes they take into account the number of ACEs you’ve had. I was with two codefendants. They got out. It was their first offense. I was charged as an adult although I was 16. It was a class A felony. Kids get declined; they declined me my second day. Of course I was under the influence of alcohol. I have a high school diploma. I want to get into a college program. Then I want to open a Samoan restaurant.”

-T.N., age 19

"When they took me down I got tackled because I wasn't looking at the wall when I was supposed to be looking at the wall." by richard ross

“They had me in a takedown a week or two ago. I got in a fight with a girl so they split us up and I spit on one of them. I have six sisters, one stepsister, two stepbrothers, and one real brother. Nobody visits me. I’ve been here three months. My mom does a lot of meth. My dad lives in xxxx and works for Babies ‘R’ Us. The first time I was here was for three months. I was in juvie for three weeks after being on the street. My mom started doing meth when her dad died. I’m here for disorderly conduct, false information—giving a fake name to a cop. I gave him my cousin’s name. I was in a car where the driver was driving crappy. We were driving in snow and he couldn't see the white lines. Yeah, he was on meth. I’ve been using since I was 15. I wasn't in any drug program on the outside. My dad moved out of the house. I ran away from my stepdad and my mom to some friends’ houses. They were like 15, 16, 17. They were drug dealers. They gave me a place to stay and all the meth and weed I wanted. I didn't go to school and I was on probation, so I had a bad UA. My two older sisters were in here as well. When they took me down I got tackled because I wasn't looking at the wall when I was supposed to be looking at the wall. The COs pick you up and put you in handcuffs. I was in Birch for five days. I was released two days ago. They only let you out to shower. I got to have a book there. I read Twilight. The girls in there were talking crap. I’m here, and I can go to the AA program and the NA program. You can stay in this program until you’re 25. I’m tough no matter what. If I wasn’t, these girls would walk all over me. I’m gang-affiliated, but I don't bang. I rep and I claim. I’m a very hungry person. I love to eat. I don't like the rain or the clouds. I’m scared to die. I like the color purple. The rain makes me sad or hungry. I’d like to go to Arizona, they can’t extradite me there.”

-L.N., age 17

"I don't keep track of the time in here. There’s no point." by richard ross

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I have a suicide bed. I’ve been here three times. The top bunks are the safest, because if the other girls are attacking you they can’t get to you as fast. There’s not a lot of gang activity but I would be called gang affiliated. I’ve been in programs since I was 12. Nobody visits me. I’ve been here two weeks on this trip for parole violation, absconding. I fled an independent living program. I didn't steal, but somebody said I was stealing. I was skipping school, being rude, and had a bad attitude. My case manager was saying all these bad things about me but it wasn't true. I didn't like the ILP; I fled to go where my sponsor was and people I knew respected me. My mom couldn't call me because it’s long distance. When I was about 12 years old I started smoking weed. When I was 14 I picked up my first major. I assaulted four cops; they put their hands on me. No one’s going to take care of you. You have to take care of yourself. There was a lot of meth involved. I have two autistic little brothers, and a little cousin my mother takes care of because my aunt is a meth addict and couldn't take care of my cousin, and my uncle beat a guy with a hammer, so he’s doing time—mom’s a little busy. She doesn't work. My dad is an alcoholic. I haven’t seen him in a long time. I go to rehab, I work at it, and then something happens and I give up. I’ve been in foster homes that were pretty abusive. My mom doesn't have any time for me. I never missed school a lot. When I was in a program for homeless youth they wanted me to do a GED. I wanted to do a diploma, but they forgot to switch me on the roster. I don't mind this place…they don't bug me here. I’m a DSD1 girl. I’m gay. I don't think being gay is bad at all, but everyone has their own beliefs. Not a lot of gay girls here. Some are bi-sexual—of convenience—or gay for the stay. When I’m here I’m supposed to be 88% good. I usually get 98% ratings. I don't keep track of the time in here. There’s no point. Oh yeah, I was raped when I was 15. People cry here all the time in group and everyone is all supportive. Then they walk away and people talk shit about it. I want to be in the independent living program. Sometimes I help the other girls put on make up ‘cause it helps them like how they look and they feel better about themselves.

-I.T., age17

"Normal is not normal to me." by richard ross

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My mom visits me once a month. This is my fifth time here. I’ve been in and out.  I was off paper for two years. I was twelve when this first started. I was charged with assault for defending myself against my step mom. I’m a drug addict with a run record. I have a hard time staying in one place. Normal is not normal to me. When I take responsibility I get overwhelmed. I’ve been to drug and alcohol detox twice as an inpatient, once as an outpatient. They’re all great but I was not in the right mind to take it. I was 10 when I started with marijuana. I don’t think it’s bad, but I personally can’t handle it. I’ve been doing heroin and alcohol. I do lots of thefts for my expenses…bikes, cars, houses. For a long time I took pride in not prostituting. My last relapse, I started prostituting on my own. This commitment is for selling. This arrest is for PV and using and running. I been here over three months. I’m going into a transition program. I hope I can step up to the YWTP. My mom and dad were both alcoholics. They owned a bar. I was left alone a lot. When I got a taste of a social life, I was resentful that I couldn’t join. My mom was drunk when she found me on the street. I had run away. She attacked me and wouldn’t let go. I punched her in the face. It wasn’t that hard, but when she appeared in court a month later, she still had an ugly bruise. I think she did it to herself. When I was taken into custody for 28 days, I was in shock. I didn’t consider the crime, I was uneducated and had poor representation. My stepmom and dad divorced. I’ve seen my dad twice in the past six or seven years. I haven’t lived with my mom for a long time. My mom rents a room at a home, so it’s not comfortable for me to stay with her. Mom’s a recovering alcoholic who’s three years sober.  First time I was here for a year.  Second time seven months, third time three months, fourth time nine months. Now I’ve been here three and a half months. I dropped out of school almost right away, like sixth grade. I’ve been doing school since I was locked up.  I have my GED and I am working towards my diploma. I want to be a certified nurse assistant and I want to study welding. I got third prize in a poetry competition; my poem was called “Split Personality.” It’s about my addiction and me as an addict versus the polar opposite, me sober. I got it published in the paper. Me and my fiancé both write poems. He’s in prison. He’s 37. I was on the street and coming down off LSD, he rode up on his bike and came back later with blankets and food.  We camped together; we were both in active addiction. We stole for support. He encouraged me to get my shit together. We’ve been together four years. I was 14 when I met him. He was 33. 

-B.X., age 18

America's Oldest Juvenile Lifer: 1953 to now, what has changed? by richard ross


I hope I live long enough to see no other youngster treated as I was treated.” - Joseph Ligon


It was 1953: President Eisenhower was in his first term. The Korean War was raging. It was three years before Elvis hit “The Ed Sullivan Show” and 11 years before the Beatles came to America. More than six decades ago, on a Friday night in a poor section of Philadelphia, there were six teenagers and two switchblades. By the end of the night, eight men were knifed — two died.

 

Joe Ligon was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and sentenced by an all-white, three-judge panel. His attorney told him to plead guilty. He recounts one day of a trial where he wasn’t even present. He became a “JLWOP”—Juvenile Life Without Parole. At the time of the arrest he was 15.

Ligon was sent to die in prison.

1953 was the year of the first Black bus boycott in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled racial segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. In 1955, Emmett Till was lynched and the Montgomery bus boycott began. 1956 saw the beginning of the Vietnam War, and in 1957 President Eisenhower ordered the National Guard to escort and protect the Little Rock Nine. DC youth marched through the end of the ’50s for Civil Rights. In 1960, four young men began the lunch counter sit-in movement in Greensboro, North Carolina. In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” The March on Washington took place, and President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.

 

By 1963, Joseph Ligon had served ten years in prison.

 

In 1964 was Freedom Summer, the Mississippi “Burning Murders,” and when the Civil Rights Act was passed, followed up by the Voting Rights Act in 1965. 1965 also was the year that activists marched from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama, and the same year that Malcom X was assassinated. Martin Luther King Jr. and Senator Robert F. Kennedy were assassinated in 1968, the same year the Fair Housing Act was passed.

 

By 1968, Joseph Ligon had served fifteen years in prison.

 

Nixon became president in 1969, running on a campaign that promoted “law and order” and was for “the silent majority.” In 1970, Kent State University was the site of an anti-war protest that saw the deaths of four students by the National Guard. The Pentagon Papers were leaked in 1971, exposing the negative assessment of the Vietnam War by the Secretary of Defense. The War on Drugs begins in 1971, when Nixon declared drug abuse “public enemy number one,” which really intended to attack the Black community and anti-war supporters. Shirley Chisholm, a Black woman, runs for president in 1972. In 1973, the United States pulled out of the Vietnam War and Nixon was inaugurated for his second term, only to resign in 1974 after the Watergate scandal broke.

 

By 1975, Joseph Ligon had served twenty-two years in prison.

 

The United States of America celebrated 200 years as a nation in 1976, the same year the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was neither a cruel nor unusual punishment and that Jimmy Carter becomes president. Affirmative Action became practice for US Universities to “compensate” for past discrimination in the admissions process in 1978. Ronald Reagan became president in1981, and Sandra Day O’Connor became the first female justice in the Supreme Court. 1982 saw the passing of the deadline for the Equal Rights Amendment without enough votes for it to be added to the Constitution. Reagan also declared a War on Drugs in 1982. In the early 80’s, Jesse Jackson became a prominent voice in urging Black Americans to exercise the right to vote, and helped Harold Washington to become the first Black mayor of Chicago in 1983.  In 1985, Reagan was elected for a second term. 1986 is when Oprah Winfrey started her talk show, promoting the works of Black authors and discussing “difficult” topics.

 

By 1986, Joseph Ligon had served thirty-three years in prison.

 

In 1992, the brutal beating of Rodney King by LAPD sparked the LA Riots which caused more than 50 deaths and $1 billion in damages. Bill Clinton became president in 1993. In 1994, Clinton signed off on the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which targeted specific populations and is speculated for accelerating the US’s incarceration rate. Washington, DC saw yet another march in 1995, when the Million Man March took place with the purpose of inspiring Black men to stand together in solidarity.  Clinton wins his reelection in 1997, and OJ Simpson is found “liable” in the civil suit that followed the death of his wife. In 1998, Bill Clinton was impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice.

 

By 1998, Joseph Ligon had served forty-five years in prison.

 

In 1999, the United States Senate acquitted Clinton of the impeachment charges; and 15 people were murdered by two students at Columbine High School in Colorado, including other students, a teacher, and the students who committed the shooting. By 2000, it is recorded that there are more Black men incarcerated than in college—an effect of the War on Drugs and 1994 Crime Bill. In 2001, George Bush became president, the World Trade Center was attacked by two hijacked planes and more than 3,000 lives were lost, and Colin Powell became the first Black Secretary of State.

 

By 2002, Joseph Ligon had served forty-nine years in prison.

 

In 2008, Barack Obama became the first Black president in the history of the United States. He ran on the platform of economic reform, ending the recession, and reforming healthcare. In 2012, 17-year-old Travon Martin was shot by George Zimmerman in Florida. In 2013, Zimmerman was found innocent, sparking nationwide protests and the Black Lives Matter movement, which advocates for the disproportionate amount of systemic violence inflicted upon Black individuals in the US. 2013 also marked a monumental Supreme Court case in which the Voting Rights Act was no longer able to require districts with a history of discrimination to have to wait for proposed changes in voting rules to be approved by the federal government. In 2014, a three-week long protest calling for the end of police brutality occurred in Ferguson, Missouri after a police officer fatally shot Michael Brown. Unrest was already common after the taped death of Eric Garner earlier that same year, when police placed him in a chokehold that eventually caused his death. Freddie Gray’s death, also caused by a police officer, was heavily publicized and resulted in weeks of protests against the police department in Baltimore.

 

By 2015, Joseph Ligon had served sixty-two years in prison.

 

In 2016, Donald Trump was elected president, running on an anti-immigrant platform that also advocated for changes to healthcare and tax cuts.

 

By 2016, Joseph Ligon had served sixty-three years in prison.

 

In 2018, the First Step Act was introduced, passed with bipartisan support, and signed by President Trump, shortening mandatory minimums for nonviolent drug offenses and is the first step in a hopeful long line of criminal justice reforms. In 2020, a long line of deaths of Black Americans due to racist motives and police brutality sparks a demand for permanent change from the American people. Ahmaud Arbery is murdered by ex-police officers on a run in Georgia, Breonna Taylor is murdered in her sleep from police officers with a wrongful no-knock warrant in Kentucky, and George Floyd is killed by police officers on camera after allegedly using counterfeit money to buy cigarettes in Minneapolis. Protests began on May 26th in Minneapolis and have taken place in all 50 states, multiple countries outside of the US, and legislation has been proposed in the federal government to reform the police system in the United States after politicians recognized the disproportionate amount of violence inflicted upon Black Americans by police officers in particular, with Black men being three times as likely to be killed by the police.

 

Today, Joseph Ligon has been incarcerated for sixty-seven years.

 

It’s been 67 years since Joseph Ligon was sent to prison. In those 67 years, America could have shed its legacy of institutionalized racism and violence. Instead, the country remains much like it was on that Friday in 1953 — Black people are unfairly targeted and punished because of the color of their skin.

 

In 2016, 61 years into his life sentence, Ligon said, “I hope I live long enough to see no other youngster treated as I was treated.” The sad truth is that too many people are still treated that way. America has witnessed major civil rights movements in the time Ligon has been behind bars, yet it continues to fail to embrace equality and human rights. Joe Ligon’s hope remains unfulfilled.

 

Post by Arden Lesoravage & Molly Engels